本章我们要制作一个俄罗斯方块游戏。

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Tetris

译注：称呼：方块是由四个小方格组成的

俄罗斯方块游戏是世界上最流行的游戏之一。是由一名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄罗斯程序员在1985年制作的，从那时起，这个游戏就风靡了各个游戏平台。

俄罗斯方块归类为下落块迷宫游戏。游戏有7个基本形状：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直线、方块，每个形状都由4个方块组成，方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转，让每个形状都以合适的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方块填充，这行就会消失，并且得分。游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部。

方块展示：

PyQt5是专门为创建图形界面产生的，里面一些专门为制作游戏而开发的组件，所以PyQt5是能制作小游戏的。

制作电脑游戏也是提高自己编程能力的一种很好的方式。

开发

没有图片，所以就自己用绘画画出来几个图形。每个游戏里都有数学模型的，这个也是。

开工之前：

• 用QtCore.QBasicTimer()创建一个游戏循环
• 模型是一直下落的
• 模型的运动是以小块为基础单位的，不是按像素
• 从数学意义上来说，模型就是就是一串数字而已

代码由四个类组成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris类创建游戏，Board是游戏主要逻辑。Tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块，Shape是所有砖块的代码。

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial 
This is a Tetris game clone.

Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com 
Last edited: August 2017
"""

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor 
import sys, random

class Tetris(QMainWindow):
  
  def __init__(self):
    super().__init__()
    
    self.initUI()
    
    
  def initUI(self):  
    '''initiates application UI'''

    self.tboard = Board(self)
    self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

    self.statusbar = self.statusBar()    
    self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
    
    self.tboard.start()
    
    self.resize(180, 380)
    self.center()
    self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')    
    self.show()
    

  def center(self):
    '''centers the window on the screen'''
    
    screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
    size = self.geometry()
    self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2, 
      (screen.height()-size.height())/2)
    

class Board(QFrame):
  
  msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
  
  BoardWidth = 10
  BoardHeight = 22
  Speed = 300

  def __init__(self, parent):
    super().__init__(parent)
    
    self.initBoard()
    
    
  def initBoard(self):   
    '''initiates board'''

    self.timer = QBasicTimer()
    self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
    
    self.curX = 0
    self.curY = 0
    self.numLinesRemoved = 0
    self.board = []

    self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
    self.isStarted = False
    self.isPaused = False
    self.clearBoard()
    
    
  def shapeAt(self, x, y):
    '''determines shape at the board position'''
    
    return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

    
  def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
    '''sets a shape at the board'''
    
    self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
    

  def squareWidth(self):
    '''returns the width of one square'''
    
    return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
    

  def squareHeight(self):
    '''returns the height of one square'''
    
    return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
    

  def start(self):
    '''starts game'''
    
    if self.isPaused:
      return

    self.isStarted = True
    self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
    self.numLinesRemoved = 0
    self.clearBoard()

    self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

    self.newPiece()
    self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)

    
  def pause(self):
    '''pauses game'''
    
    if not self.isStarted:
      return

    self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
    
    if self.isPaused:
      self.timer.stop()
      self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
      
    else:
      self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
      self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

    self.update()

    
  def paintEvent(self, event):
    '''paints all shapes of the game'''
    
    painter = QPainter(self)
    rect = self.contentsRect()

    boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()

    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
      for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
        shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
        
        if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
          self.drawSquare(painter,
            rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
            boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

    if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
      
      for i in range(4):
        
        x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
        y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
        self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
          boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
          self.curPiece.shape())

          
  def keyPressEvent(self, event):
    '''processes key press events'''
    
    if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
      super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
      return

    key = event.key()
    
    if key == Qt.Key_P:
      self.pause()
      return
      
    if self.isPaused:
      return
        
    elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
      self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
      
    elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
      self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
      
    elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
      self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
      
    elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
      self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
      
    elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
      self.dropDown()
      
    elif key == Qt.Key_D:
      self.oneLineDown()
      
    else:
      super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
        

  def timerEvent(self, event):
    '''handles timer event'''
    
    if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
      
      if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
        self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
        self.newPiece()
      else:
        self.oneLineDown()
        
    else:
      super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

      
  def clearBoard(self):
    '''clears shapes from the board'''
    
    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
      self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

    
  def dropDown(self):
    '''drops down a shape'''
    
    newY = self.curY
    
    while newY > 0:
      
      if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
        break
        
      newY -= 1

    self.pieceDropped()
    

  def oneLineDown(self):
    '''goes one line down with a shape'''
    
    if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
      self.pieceDropped()
      

  def pieceDropped(self):
    '''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
    
    for i in range(4):
      
      x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
      y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
      self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())

    self.removeFullLines()

    if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
      self.newPiece()
      

  def removeFullLines(self):
    '''removes all full lines from the board'''
    
    numFullLines = 0
    rowsToRemove = []

    for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
      
      n = 0
      for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
        if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
          n = n + 1

      if n == 10:
        rowsToRemove.append(i)

    rowsToRemove.reverse()
    

    for m in rowsToRemove:
      
      for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
        for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
            self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

    numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)

    if numFullLines > 0:
      
      self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
      self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
        
      self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
      self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
      self.update()
      

  def newPiece(self):
    '''creates a new shape'''
    
    self.curPiece = Shape()
    self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
    self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
    self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
    
    if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
      
      self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
      self.timer.stop()
      self.isStarted = False
      self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")



  def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
    '''tries to move a shape'''
    
    for i in range(4):
      
      x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
      y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
      
      if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
        return False
        
      if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
        return False

    self.curPiece = newPiece
    self.curX = newX
    self.curY = newY
    self.update()
    
    return True
    

  def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
    '''draws a square of a shape'''    
    
    colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
           0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]

    color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
    painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, 
      self.squareHeight() - 2, color)

    painter.setPen(color.lighter())
    painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
    painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)

    painter.setPen(color.darker())
    painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
      x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
    painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1, 
      y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)


class Tetrominoe(object):
  
  NoShape = 0
  ZShape = 1
  SShape = 2
  LineShape = 3
  TShape = 4
  SquareShape = 5
  LShape = 6
  MirroredLShape = 7


class Shape(object):
  
  coordsTable = (
    ((0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0)),
    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (-1, 0),  (-1, 1)),
    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (1, 1)),
    ((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1),   (0, 2)),
    ((-1, 0),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1)),
    ((0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1),   (1, 1)),
    ((-1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1)),
    ((1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1))
  )

  def __init__(self):
    
    self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
    self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape

    self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
    

  def shape(self):
    '''returns shape'''
    
    return self.pieceShape
    

  def setShape(self, shape):
    '''sets a shape'''
    
    table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
    
    for i in range(4):
      for j in range(2):
        self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]

    self.pieceShape = shape
    

  def setRandomShape(self):
    '''chooses a random shape'''
    
    self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))

    
  def x(self, index):
    '''returns x coordinate'''
    
    return self.coords[index][0]

    
  def y(self, index):
    '''returns y coordinate'''
    
    return self.coords[index][1]

    
  def setX(self, index, x):
    '''sets x coordinate'''
    
    self.coords[index][0] = x

    
  def setY(self, index, y):
    '''sets y coordinate'''
    
    self.coords[index][1] = y

    
  def minX(self):
    '''returns min x value'''
    
    m = self.coords[0][0]
    for i in range(4):
      m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])

    return m

    
  def maxX(self):
    '''returns max x value'''
    
    m = self.coords[0][0]
    for i in range(4):
      m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])

    return m

    
  def minY(self):
    '''returns min y value'''
    
    m = self.coords[0][1]
    for i in range(4):
      m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])

    return m

    
  def maxY(self):
    '''returns max y value'''
    
    m = self.coords[0][1]
    for i in range(4):
      m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])

    return m

    
  def rotateLeft(self):
    '''rotates shape to the left'''
    
    if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
      return self

    result = Shape()
    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
    
    for i in range(4):
      
      result.setX(i, self.y(i))
      result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

    return result

    
  def rotateRight(self):
    '''rotates shape to the right'''
    
    if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
      return self

    result = Shape()
    result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
    
    for i in range(4):
      
      result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
      result.setY(i, self.x(i))

    return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
  
  app = QApplication([])
  tetris = Tetris()  
  sys.exit(app.exec_())

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