Java2D高级绘图-创新互联
知识要点:
第一节 Java 2D的增强功能
概述、AWT图形能力的不足、Java 2D API
第二节 图形绘制的基本方法
转换Graphics2D对象、Graphics 类特性、绘图的属性和基本编程方法
第三节 曲线问题的高级应用开发
直线问题深入研究、贝塞尔(Bezier)曲线、自定义样条曲线编程、
用户数据的曲线显示、曲线用Applet显示的数据来源问题
第四节 字符串的高级处理
TextLayout类、LineMetrics类
第五节 构造几何形状
2D几何形状的设计、构造型区域几何形状、变换、缓冲的图像
第六节 三维图形处理的设计技术
透视投影、透视图形的显示、隐蔽面消除问题
第七节 同环境交互
GraphicsEnvironment类、GraphicsDevice类、GraphicsConfiguration类
第一节 Java 2D的增强功能
一、概述:
由Sun公司与Adobe系统公司合作推出的Java 2D API,提供了一个功能强大而且非常灵活的二维图形框架。Java 2D API扩展了java.awt包中定义的Graphics类和Image类,提供了高性能的二维图形、图像和文字,同时又维持了对现有AWT应用的兼容。
二、AWT图形能力的不足:
在 AWT 的初始实现中,图形能力并不十分完善。因为开发 JDK 是打算将其作为平台中立的实现平台,所以其原始的功能被限制于“最少公共功能”上,所有被支持的操作系统上保证提供这些公共功能;
在 Java 2D 出现之前,对绘制能力、字体操作和图像控制的支持非常少。而对诸如用图案进行着色、形状操作以及图形变换之类的重要操作的支持则完全没有。
Java 2D 满足了跨平台实现中对这些功能以及其它功能的需求。
三、Java 2D API:
它是JFC (Java Fundation Classes)的一员,加强了传统AWT( Abstract Windowing Toolkit )的描绘功能。在 JDK1.2中已经支援 Java 2D 的使用。透过Java 2D API ,程序员可以轻松地描绘出任意的几何图形、运用不同的填色效果、对图形做旋转( rotate)、缩放( scale)、扭曲( shear)等。如图所示,程序员透过2D API所提供的功能,简单地利用不同类型的线或是填色效果绘出统计图,以区分出不同的资料。
它们是基于Graphics2D类的绘图功能,是对AWT中的Graphics类的进一步的扩展和增强。主要体现在:
1。对渲染质量的控制:消除锯齿以平滑绘制对象的边缘
2.裁剪、合成和透明度:它们允许使用任意形状来限定绘制操作的边界。它们还提供对图形进行分层以及控制透明度和不透明度的能力。
3.控制和填充简单及复杂的形状:这种功能提供了一个 Stroke 代理和一个 Paint 代理,前者定义用来绘制形状轮廓的笔(定义绘制的笔的宽度和样式),后者允许用纯色、渐变色和图案来填充形状。
4。图像处理和变换:Java 2D 同 Java 高级图像 API(Java Advanced Imaging API (JAI))协作,支持用大量图形格式处理复杂的图像。Java 2D 还为您提供了修改图像、形状和字体字符的变换能力。
5。特殊的填充方式,如梯度或者图案
6.高级字体处理和字符串格式化:允许象操作任何其它图形形状一样操作字体字符。除此以外,可以象文字处理程序一样,通过为 String 中的字符应用属性和样式信息来创建格式化文本。
java.awt.geom 包中的Areas类支援联集( union)、交集( intersection)、差集(subtraction )、Exclusive OR (XOR)等布尔运算。最後, AffineTransform 类别则提供图形物件做Scale(比例)、Shear(剪裁) 、Rotate(旋转)等座标上的转换。
第二节 图形绘制的基本方法
一、转换Graphics2D对象
绘制图形时,可以在Graphics对象或者Graphics2D对象上进行,它们都代表了需要绘图的区域,选择那个取决于是否要使用所增加的Java2D的图形功能。但要注意的是,所有的Java2D图形操作都必须在Graphics2D对象上调用。Graphics2D是Graphics的子类,同样包含在java.awt包中。
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
}
或者
public void paint (Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
}
二、Graphics 类特性
Graphics 类支持几种确定图形环境状态的特性。以下列出了部分特性:
1)Color:当前绘制颜色,它属于 java.awt.Color 类型。所有的绘制、着色和纯文本输出都将以指定的颜色显示。
2)Font:当前字体,它属于 java.awt.Font 类型。它是将用于所有纯文本输出的字体。
3)Clip:java.awt.Shape 类型的对象,它充当用来定义几何形状的接口。该特性包含的形状定义了图形环境的区域,绘制将作用于该区域。通常情况下,这一形状与整个图形环境相同,但也并不一定如此。
4)ClipBounds:java.awt.Rectangle 对象,它表示将包围由 Clip 特性定义的 Shape 的最小矩形。它是只读特性。
5)FontMetrics:java.awt.FontMetrics 类型的只读特性。该对象含有关于图形环境中当前起作用的 Font 的信息。如同我们将看到的那样,获取此信息的这种机制已被 LineMetrics 类所取代
6)Paint Mode:该特性控制环境使用当前颜色的方式。如果调用了 setPaintMode() 方法,那么所有绘制操作都将使用当前颜色。如果调用了 setXORMode() 方法(该方法获取一个 Color 类型的参数),那么就用指定的颜色对像素做“XOR”操作。XOR 具有在重新绘制时恢复初始位模式的特性,因此它被用作橡皮擦除和动画操作。
三、绘图的属性和基本编程方法
1)颜色Color类:没有变化。
2)填充方式:
Paint(油漆桶) 接口有几个具体的实现,它们允许用纯色、渐变色或图案来填充形状。
1,纯色填充(Color类):对 java.awt.Color 类做了一些调整以实现 Paint,并且可以用于纯色填充。
2,渐变色来填充(梯度填充GradientPaint类):java.awt.GradientPaint 类允许用线性颜色渐变色来填充形状,线性颜色渐变色允许在两个指定的 Color 对象之间创建过渡。可以将渐变色设置成“周期性的”,这将导致渐变色图案重复出现。
3,图案填充(纹理TexturePaint类):提供了 java.awt.TexturePaint 类,它可以用由 BufferedImage 描述的图案填充形状
编程方法:
使用Graphics2D类中的setPaint()方法并使用Paint对象作为其参数,但由于任何可以作为填充的类如GradientPaint、TexturePaint和Color都实现了Paint接口(该接口注意定义了在Graphics2D下的颜色填充方式),因此可以将它们作为参数。如:
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
GradientPaint pat=new GradientPaint(0f,0f,Color.white,100f,45f,Color.blue);
comp2D.setPaint(pat);
}
3)设置笔的形状:
Stroke 接口由 java.awt.BasicStroke 类实现。该类允许进行大量的选择以修改线的绘制细节。可以编程指定 BasicStroke 宽度,也可以指定对名为柱头和交点的路径上端点和交点的“装饰”。现在也可以绘制点划线了,只须设置 BasicStroke 的破折号属性即可。
在Graphics类中线条是一个点宽,而在Graphics2D中可以通过BasicStoke类中的setStroke()方法来设置。其构造函数是BasicStroke(float width, int cap, int join)
其中width指示线宽(缺省时为1.0)
cap指示线的末端(包头,在BasicStroke类中定义出三个static 类型的常量如CAP_BUTT没有包头( )、CAP_ROUND圆包头( )、CAP_SQUARE方包头( )的样式
join指示线段之间的拐角(在BasicStroke类中定义出三个static 类型的常量如JOIN_BEVEL( )、JOIN_MITER( )、 JOIN_ROUND( )样式。
4)编程方法:
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
BasicStroke pen
=new BasicStroke(2.0f, BasicStroke .CAP_BUTT, BasicStroke .JOIN_ROUND);
comp2D.setStroke (pen);
}
代码示例:
float thick = 0.5f; //设置画刷的粗细为 0.5
BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(800, 600, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)bi.getGraphics();
Stroke stroke = g.getStroke(); //得到当前的画刷
g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
g.draw(new Line2D.Float(x1, y1, x2, y2)); 画线
g.setStroke( stroke ); //将画刷复原
5)创建要绘制的形状对象
在Java2D中进行绘图时,不是采用对应的方法来实现,而是为要实现某中形状创建出相应的形状对象。这可以通过使用java.awt.geom包中的类来定义所要创建的形状。如线条Line2D.Float类、距形Rectangle2D.Float或者Rectangle2D.Double类、椭圆Ellipes2D.Float、圆弧Arc2D.Float类等。
6)绘制对象:
1,可以使用Graphics2D类中的方法draw()用于绘制轮廓,而fill()方法用于填充。它们都以前面所创建的图形对象作为参数。
2,Java2D中的字符串的绘制仍然采用drawString()方法,但有drawString(String s, float x, float y)和drawString(String str, int x, int y)。
3,绘制轮廓:draw(Shape s)其中的Shape接口在Graphics2D中被定义
新的 Java 2D Shape 类都有“2D”后缀。这些新的形状使用浮点值(而不是整数)来描述其几何形状。
Polygon类(int[] xpoints, int[] ypoints, int npoints)
RectangularShape(抽象类,其子类有Arc2D, Ellipse2D, Rectangle2D, RoundRectangle2D), Rectangle(距形)
QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔样条曲线,贝塞尔曲线由两个端点以及一个或两个控制点指定。贝塞尔曲线创建了适合于大多数表示的曲线。)
CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔样条曲线)
Area(区域)
GeneralPath(由直线、二次样条曲线、三次样条曲线所构成)
Line2D
8)基本步骤
绘图的第一个步骤是产生 Graphics2D 对象。 然后设定所要的状态属性。例如你想要对一物件做渐层式的填色,可以设定属性 Paint为 GradientPaint。最後再调用Graphics2D所提供的方法fill或是draw,完成整个绘图的程序。
9)程序实例
例一:
这是一个最简单的例子,也可以认为是绘图的一个最简单的框架。
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class Map extends JFrame
{ public Map()
{ super("Map");
setSize(350,350);
MapPane map=new MapPane();
getContentPane().add(map);
}
public static void main(String [] arg)
{ Map frame=new Map();
frame.show();
}
}
class MapPane extends JPanel
{ public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
comp2D.drawString("sbcd",200,200);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,200.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
例二:
下面是在Graphics2D模式下的基本绘图框架。我们可以看到,利用:
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
通过该方法的设置,使图形去除锯齿状,可以得到多么细腻的图形。
样例:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo extends JFrame {
public DrawDemo(){
//设置窗口的大小、标题
this.setSize(new Dimension(600, 400));
//创建绘制各种形状的容器
ShapesPanel shapesPanel = new ShapesPanel();
//将该容器加入窗口
getContentPane().add(shapesPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo frame = new DrawDemo();
frame.setVisible(true);
//当窗口关闭时清空内存
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
}
}
//创建各种容器的类
class ShapesPanel extends JPanel {
final int maxCharHeight = 15;
final Color bg = Color.white; //声明背景颜色为灰色
final Color fg = Color.blue; //声明前景颜色为蓝色
public ShapesPanel() {
setBackground(bg); //设置背景颜色
setForeground(fg); //设置前景颜色
//创建组合边框
setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createRaisedBevelBorder(),
BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder()));
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g1) {
super.paintComponent(g1); //清空背景颜色
float thick = 0.5f; //设置画刷的粗细为 0.5
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)g1;
Stroke stroke = g.getStroke(); //得到当前的画刷
g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
String txt= "我的文章";
int style=2;//0普通1粗体2斜体3粗斜
g.setFont(new Font("宋体", 2, 15)); //15为字大小
//设置笔刷为黑色
g.setPaint(Color.black);
g.drawString(txt,200,150);
g.setPaint(Color.red);
g.draw(new Line2D.Float(0,0,200,150)); //画线
g.setPaint(Color.blue);
g.draw(new Rectangle2D.Float(200,150,100,100));
g.setStroke(stroke); //将画刷复原
}
}
例三:图形灵活的显示
在上面的例子中,是使用一个继承于JPanel的类,覆盖它的void paintComponent(Graphics g1)事件方法,实现绘图的,这样虽然方便,但显得灵活性不高。
实际上,通过JPanel对象直接赋值给Graphics2D对象,往往可以使程序具有很大的灵活性。程序可以这样来写。
JPanel contentPane= (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
public Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)contentPane .getGraphics();
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件的初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("画线保留");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("画线删除");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,100.0f,300.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
例四:剪裁
图形处理问题中,剪裁由的时候是非常难处理的,所谓剪裁是指超过绘图取得内容不显示,看起来这是个简单问题,但由于所有的线条必须计算与边界的交点,而且边界有四个方向,这就使问题变得很复杂。java 2D很好的解决了这个问题,请看下面的例子。
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo2 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo2() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("画线保留");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("画线删除");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo2 frame=new DrawDemo2();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//剪裁
comp2D.setClip(50,50,300,150);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,100.0f,300.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
第三节 曲线问题的高级应用开发
在jdk尚未支援 2D图形之前,只可以画出直的、相同粗细的线条。现在可以通过2D API绘出不同粗细的线条及圆滑的曲线。在java.awt.geom包中提供了Line2D、 QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔曲线)及 CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔曲线)等相关的类,让程序员能够轻松地绘出想要的线条。
其实绘图的核心是画线,下面通过一些实例对一些问题进行深入的讨论。
一、直线问题深入研究
样例:
我们通过一个例子,深入的研究一下绘制直线和折线需要掌握哪些内容。
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("园头");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("方头");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(270, 235, 100, 30));
jButton3.setText("封闭");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton3, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
int Xs1[]={10,60,120,200,260,340};
int Ys1[]={10,200,120,180,60,130};
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//园头园连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
comp2D.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//方头方连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
//comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
// RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
comp2D.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
//设置笔刷
//方头方连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
//comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
// RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
//画封闭线
comp2D.drawPolygon(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
}
二、贝塞尔(Bezier)曲线
java 2D提供的QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔曲线)及 CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔曲线)等相关的类,可以很容易的画出贝赛尔曲线。
QuadCurve2D为三个数据,中间一个为控制点。
CubicCurve2D为四个数据,中间两个为控制点。
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 150, 31));
jButton1.setText("二阶贝塞尔");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(200, 235, 150, 30));
jButton2.setText("三阶贝塞尔");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
double[] x1={50,180,300};
double[] y1={100,190,100};
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
QuadCurve2D.Double qc=new QuadCurve2D.Double();
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
x1[1]=180;
y1[1]=30;
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
double[] x1={50,80,200,300};
double[] y1={100,70,190,100};
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
CubicCurve2D.Double qc=new CubicCurve2D.Double();
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2],x1[3],y1[3]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2]-5,(int)y1[2],(int)x1[2]+5,(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]-5,(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]+5);
float dash1[] = {10.0f};
//画虚线
BasicStroke dashed = new BasicStroke(1.0f,
BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,
BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER,
10.0f, dash1, 0.0f);
comp2D.setStroke(dashed);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1],(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]);
//画实线
BasicStroke stroke = new BasicStroke(1.0f);
comp2D.setStroke(stroke);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
x1[1]=180;
y1[1]=70;
x1[2]=80;
y1[2]=190;
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2],x1[3],y1[3]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2]-5,(int)y1[2],(int)x1[2]+5,(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]-5,(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]+5);
comp2D.setStroke(dashed);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1],(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.setStroke(stroke);
}
}
三、自定义样条曲线编程
当我们需要平滑多个数据样本点的时候,贝塞尔曲线就不能满足要求了,为此,可以采用最早由美国“波音”飞机制造公司提出来的样条曲线来完成,这种曲线所以称之为样条,是因为它模拟了造船业中的放样原理。
样条曲线的数学原理请参考计算机图形学,这里给出的是由java编写的三次样条曲线的例子。曲线平滑的原则是,必须通过所有的样本点,另外,不论有多少样本点,曲线的阶次大为三次,所以是稳定的。
这里我们可以看出来,程序设计的生命是什么呢?数学!这是程序设计着的生命所在。语言只是一种规范或者是一个工具,要真正写出好的程序,没有深厚的数学功底,是万万不可能的。
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawCurve extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
GraphicsCurve gracu;
//构造函数
public DrawCurve() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(500,400));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 310, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("直线");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 310, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("样条曲线");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(270, 310, 100, 30));
jButton3.setText("粗线条");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton3, null);
gracu=new GraphicsCurve();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawCurve frame=new DrawCurve();
frame.show();
frame.gracu.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.gracu.myGraphics.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.gracu.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,500,300);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
int Xs1[]={10,60,120,200,260,340};
int Ys1[]={10,200,120,180,60,130};
//画折线
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
gracu.myGraphics.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
//画样条
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
gracu.DrawCurves(Xs1,Ys1);
}
//画粗线
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//方头园连接
//gracu.myGraphics.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
//园头园连接
gracu.myGraphics.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
gracu.myGraphics.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
gracu.myGraphics.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
}
class GraphicsCurve
{
//绘图对象
public Graphics2D myGraphics;
public GraphicsCurve()
{
}
public GraphicsCurve(Graphics2D graphics)
{
this.myGraphics=graphics;
}
//参数表
//x数组,y数组,笔刷
public void DrawCurves(int[] xa,int[] ya)
{
int[] x, y;
double[] a, b, c;
double[] px, py, qx, qy, tt;
double[] dx, dy;
int px1,py1,px2,py2;
x=xa;
y=ya;
px1=x[0];
py1=y[0];
int n=x.length;
a=new double[n];
b=new double[n];
c=new double[n];
px=new double[n];
py=new double[n];
qx=new double[n];
qy=new double[n];
tt=new double[n];
dx=new double[n];
dy=new double[n];
int i, t, es;
double bx3, bx4, by3, by4, cx, cy;
bx4 = 0;
by3 = 0;
es = 3;
px[0] = 1;
py[0] = 1;
px[n-1] = 1;
py[n-1] = 1;
if (n>1)
{
for (i = 1;i
tt[i] = Math.sqrt((x[i] - x[i - 1]) * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) + (y[i] - y[i - 1]) * (y[i] - y[i - 1]));
switch(n)
{
case 2:
break;
case 3:
for (i = 1;i
{
a[i] = 2 * (tt[i] + tt[i + 1]);
b[i] = tt[i + 1];
c[i] = tt[i];
dx[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
dy[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (y[i] - y[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
}
dx[1] = dx[1] - tt[2] * px[0];
dx[n - 2] = dx[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * px[n-1];
dy[1] = dy[1] - tt[2] * py[0];
dy[n - 2] = dy[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * py[n-1];
//注意,这是n=3的情况专有计算
px[1] = dx[1] / a[1];
py[1] = dy[1] / a[1];
break;
default:
for (i = 1;i
{
a[i] = 2 * (tt[i] + tt[i + 1]);
b[i] = tt[i + 1];
c[i] = tt[i];
dx[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
dy[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (y[i] - y[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
}
dx[1] = dx[1] - tt[2] * px[0];
dx[n - 2] = dx[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * px[n-1];
dy[1] = dy[1] - tt[2] * py[0];
dy[n - 2] = dy[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * py[n-1];
c[1] = c[1]/ a[1];
for (i = 2 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
a[i] = a[i] - b[i] * c[i - 1];
c[i] = c[i] / a[i];
}
qx[1] = dx[1] / a[1];
qy[1] = dy[1] / a[1];
for (i = 2 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
qx[i] = (dx[i] - b[i] * qx[i - 1]) / a[i];
qy[i] = (dy[i] - b[i] * qy[i - 1]) / a[i];
}
px[n - 2] = qx[n - 2];
py[n - 2] = qy[n - 2];
for (i = n - 3;i>=1;i--)
{
px[i] = qx[i] - c[i] * px[i + 1];
py[i] = qy[i] - c[i] * py[i + 1];
}
break;
}
for (i = 0 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
bx3 = (3 * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] - 2 * px[i] - px[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
bx4 = ((2 * (x[i] - x[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1] + px[i] + px[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
by3 = (3 * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] - 2 * py[i] - py[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
by4 = ((2 * (y[i] - y[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1] + py[i] + py[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
t = 0;
while (t < tt[i + 1])
{
t = t + es;
cx = x[i] + (px[i] + (bx3 + bx4 * t) * t) * t;
cy = y[i] + (py[i] + (by3 + by4 * t) * t) * t;
px2 = (int)cx;
py2 = (int)cy;
myGraphics.drawLine(px1,py1,px2,py2);
px1 = px2;
py1 = py2;
}
}
}
}
}
四、用户数据的曲线显示
当需要用曲线表达数据的时候,我们虽然可以使用由厂家提供的“图表”组件,但更多的还是需要自己编写的,请仔细研究下面的程序,当对图表设计有更深入的理解。
下面的例子,我们构造一个专门处理用户数据的类,在这个类里,实现了用户坐标和屏幕坐标的转换,同时给出了一个自动绘制坐标的方法。我们也直接使用了上面我们讨论过的样条曲线的类实现数据平滑。例子中的数据可以来自于数据库或其它任何地方,仔细的研究这个例子,可以看出只要我们开动脑筋,把java强大的功能和我们对问题的理解结合在一起,就可以写出多么灵活多变的程序来呀!
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DataDrawDemo extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //控件容器
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//绘图控件
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
JButton jButton4 = new JButton();
JButton jButton5 = new JButton();
JButton jButton6 = new JButton();
JButton jButton7 = new JButton();
JButton jButton8 = new JButton();
JButton jButton9 = new JButton();
JButton jButton10 = new JButton();
JTextField jText1=new JTextField();
JTextField jText2=new JTextField();
boolean kcu=true;
//用户坐标转换对象
myGraphicsData mp=new myGraphicsData();
//曲线转换对象
GraphicsCurve gracu=new GraphicsCurve();
//窗口范围
double wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2;
//构造函数
public DataDrawDemo() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//初始化代码
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(null);
this.setSize(new Dimension(650, 500));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
//jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jPanel1.setBounds(0,90,650,420);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 20, 80, 25));
jButton1.setText("开始");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(120, 20, 80, 25));
jButton2.setText("左移");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(210, 20, 80, 25));
jButton3.setText("右移");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton4.setBounds(new Rectangle(300, 20, 80, 25));
jButton4.setText("上移");
jButton4.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton4_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton5.setBounds(new Rectangle(390, 20, 80, 25));
jButton5.setText("下移");
jButton5.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton5_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton6.setBounds(new Rectangle(120, 50, 80, 25));
jButton6.setText("X扩");
jButton6.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton6_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton7.setBounds(new Rectangle(210, 50, 80, 25));
jButton7.setText("X缩");
jButton7.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton7_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton8.setBounds(new Rectangle(300, 50, 80, 25));
jButton8.setText("Y扩");
jButton8.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton8_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton9.setBounds(new Rectangle(390, 50, 80, 25));
jButton9.setText("Y缩");
jButton9.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton9_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
//样条控制
jButton10.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 50, 80, 25));
jButton10.setText("样条");
jButton10.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton10_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jText1.setBounds(new Rectangle(490, 20, 120, 20));
jText1.setText("");
jText2.setBounds(new Rectangle(490, 50, 120, 20));
jText2.setText("");
//鼠标按下侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter(){
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
JPanel_mousePressed(e);
}
});
//鼠标拖动侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseMotionListener(new java.awt.event.MouseMotionAdapter(){
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e){
JPanel_mouseDragged(e);
}
});
//鼠标释放侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter(){
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
JPanel_mouseReleased(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
contentPane.add(jButton1, null);
contentPane.add(jButton2, null);
contentPane.add(jButton3, null);
contentPane.add(jButton4, null);
contentPane.add(jButton5, null);
contentPane.add(jButton6, null);
contentPane.add(jButton7, null);
contentPane.add(jButton8, null);
contentPane.add(jButton9, null);
contentPane.add(jButton10, null);
contentPane.add(jText1, null);
contentPane.add(jText2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DataDrawDemo frame=new DataDrawDemo();
frame.show();
frame.gracu.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.jPanel1.getGraphics();
frame.mp.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.jPanel1.getGraphics();
frame.mp.myGraphics.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.mp.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,650,375);
}
//第一组数据
double[] Xs1=new double[]{-2,2,4,6,8,10,12,14};
double[] Ys1=new double[]{-4,10,3,14,4,10,6,7};
//第二组数据
double[] Xs2=new double[]{-1,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16};
double[] Ys2=new double[]{1,5,7,1,13,11,4,10,8};
//这是一个画曲线的程序
void DwData()
{
//剪裁,可以试试没有剪裁是什么表现?
mp.myGraphics.clipRect(10,10,621,351);
//由于是用两个对象绘图,所以应该分别剪切
gracu.myGraphics.clipRect(10,10,621,351);
//清除绘图空间
mp.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,650,375);
//用户坐标和屏幕坐标转换
mp.truemode(10,630,10,360,wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2);
//设置颜色
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
//画边框
mp.myGraphics.drawRect(10,10,620,350);
mp.myGraphics.setFont(new Font("宋体", 0, 10)); //9为字大小
//画坐标
mp.axis(2,2,2,2);
//画红线
int[] x=new int[Xs1.length];
int[] y=new int[Ys1.length];
int[] myxy;
//统一实现坐标转换
for (int i=0;i
{
myxy=mp.moxy(Xs1[i],Ys1[i]);
x[i]=myxy[0];
y[i]=myxy[1];
}
if (kcu)
{
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
mp.myGraphics.drawPolyline(x,y,x.length);
}
else
{
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
gracu.DrawCurves(x,y);
}
//画蓝线
x=new int[Xs2.length];
y=new int[Ys2.length];
for (int i=0;i
{
myxy=mp.moxy(Xs2[i],Ys2[i]);
x[i]=myxy[0];
y[i]=myxy[1];
}
if (kcu)
{
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
mp.myGraphics.drawPolyline(x,y,x.length);
}
else
{
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
gracu.DrawCurves(x,y);
}
}
//退出窗口事件
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
//鼠标按下事件
void JPanel_mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]));
jText2.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]));
}
//鼠标释放事件
void JPanel_mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText("");
jText2.setText("");
//画红线
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
mp.myGraphics.drawLine(e.getX()-3,e.getY(),e.getX()+3,e.getY());
mp.myGraphics.drawLine(e.getX(),e.getY()-3,e.getX(),e.getY()+3);
mp.myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]),e.getX()+10,e.getY());
mp.myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]),e.getX()+10,e.getY()+12);
}
//鼠标拖动事件
void JPanel_mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]));
jText2.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]));
}
//开始
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
wx1=1000000;
wy1=1000000;
wx2=-1000000;
wy2=-1000000;
//试验中数据来自一个数组,实际中可来自任何地方
//设置初始范围
for (int i=0;i
{
if (Xs1[i]< wx1)
wx1=Xs1[i];
if (Xs1[i]> wx2)
wx2=Xs1[i];
if (Ys1[i]< wy1)
wy1=Ys1[i];
if (Ys1[i]> wy2)
wy2=Ys1[i];
}
for (int i=0;i
{
if (Xs2[i]< wx1)
wx1=Xs2[i];
if (Xs2[i]> wx2)
wx2=Xs2[i];
if (Ys2[i]< wy1)
wy1=Ys2[i];
if (Ys2[i]> wy2)
wy2=Ys2[i];
}
DwData();
}
//左移
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1-=1;
wx2-=1;
DwData();
}
//右移
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1+=1;
wx2+=1;
DwData();
}
//上移
void jButton4_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1-=1;
wy2-=1;
DwData();
}
//下移
void jButton5_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1+=1;
wy2+=1;
DwData();
}
//X扩
void jButton6_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1-=1;
wx2+=1;
DwData();
}
//X缩
void jButton7_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1+=1;
wx2-=1;
DwData();
}
//Y扩
void jButton8_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1-=1;
wy2+=1;
DwData();
}
//Y缩
void jButton9_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1+=1;
wy2-=1;
DwData();
}
//样条控制
void jButton10_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if (kcu)
{
jButton10.setText("直线");
kcu=false;
}
else
{
jButton10.setText("样条");
kcu=true;
}
DwData();
}
}
//图形处理类
class myGraphicsData
{
//屏幕坐标
private int X11, Y11, X12, Y12; //x1,y1,x2,y2
//用户坐标
private double W1, W2, W3, W4; //x1,x2,y1,y2
//绘图对象
public Graphics2D myGraphics;
double Ax8, Ay8;
//用户窗口与屏幕窗口的转换
//x1,x2,,y1,y2为屏幕坐标
//wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2为用户坐标
public void truemode(int x1, int x2, int y1,int y2, double wx1, double wx2, double wy1, double wy2)
{
X11 = x1 ; X12 = x2;
Y11 = y1 ; Y12 = y2;
W1 = wx1 ; W2 = wx2;
W3 = wy1 ; W4 = wy2;
Ax8 = (X12 - X11) / (wx2 - wx1);
Ay8 = (Y12 - Y11) / (wy2 - wy1);
}
//把用户坐标转为屏幕坐标
public int[] moxy(double Xa, double Ya)
{
int[] myout=new int[2];
myout[0] = (int)(Ax8 * (Xa - W1) + X11);
myout[1] = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (Ya - W3));
return myout;
}
//把屏幕坐标转为用户坐标
public double[] ScrtoCon(int X6, int Y6)
{
double[] myout=new double[2];
myout[0] = (X6 - X11) / Ax8 + W1;
myout[1] = (Y12 - Y6) / Ay8 + W3;
return myout;
}
//画线
public void Dline(double xa, double ya, double xb, double yb)
{
try
{
int x6, y6, x7, y7;
x6 = (int)(Ax8 * (xa - W1) + X11);
y6 = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (ya - W3));
x7 = (int)(Ax8 * (xb - W1) + X11);
y7 = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (yb - W3));
myGraphics.drawLine(x6, y6, x7, y7);
}
catch(Exception e){}
}
//画坐标U,V为 X,Y轴单位,ns,nt为 x,y轴写字间隔
public void axis(double u, double v, int ns, int nt)
{
double p9, q9, s;
int n2, swx,swy;
int xk=0;
int yk=0;
double ge;
int[] showxy=new int[2];
swx = 0;
swy=4;
ge = (double)0.008 * (W2 - W1);
p9 = W1;
q9 = (double)(W3 + (W4 - W3) * 0.05);
if ((W1 < 0) && (W2 > 0)) p9 = 0;
if ((W3 < 0) && (W4 > 0)) q9 = 0;
Dline(p9, W3, p9, W4);
n2 = 0;
s = 0;
while (s < W4)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge, s);
if (n2 >= nt)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge + ge, s);
n2 = 1;
showxy=moxy(p9 + ge + ge,s);
myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf(s),showxy[0] - swx+4, showxy[1] - swy+4);
}
else
{
n2++;
}
s += v;
}
//End While
s = 0;
n2 = 0;
while (s > W3)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge, s);
if (n2 >= nt)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge + ge, s);
n2 = 1;
showxy=moxy(p9 + ge + ge, s);
myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf(s),showxy[0] - swx+4, showxy[1] - swy+4);
}
else
{
n2 ++;
}
s -= v;
本文名称:Java2D高级绘图-创新互联
本文地址:http://lswzjz.com/article/dihejd.html
第一节 Java 2D的增强功能
概述、AWT图形能力的不足、Java 2D API
第二节 图形绘制的基本方法
转换Graphics2D对象、Graphics 类特性、绘图的属性和基本编程方法
第三节 曲线问题的高级应用开发
直线问题深入研究、贝塞尔(Bezier)曲线、自定义样条曲线编程、
用户数据的曲线显示、曲线用Applet显示的数据来源问题
第四节 字符串的高级处理
TextLayout类、LineMetrics类
第五节 构造几何形状
2D几何形状的设计、构造型区域几何形状、变换、缓冲的图像
第六节 三维图形处理的设计技术
透视投影、透视图形的显示、隐蔽面消除问题
第七节 同环境交互
GraphicsEnvironment类、GraphicsDevice类、GraphicsConfiguration类
第一节 Java 2D的增强功能
一、概述:
由Sun公司与Adobe系统公司合作推出的Java 2D API,提供了一个功能强大而且非常灵活的二维图形框架。Java 2D API扩展了java.awt包中定义的Graphics类和Image类,提供了高性能的二维图形、图像和文字,同时又维持了对现有AWT应用的兼容。
二、AWT图形能力的不足:
在 AWT 的初始实现中,图形能力并不十分完善。因为开发 JDK 是打算将其作为平台中立的实现平台,所以其原始的功能被限制于“最少公共功能”上,所有被支持的操作系统上保证提供这些公共功能;
在 Java 2D 出现之前,对绘制能力、字体操作和图像控制的支持非常少。而对诸如用图案进行着色、形状操作以及图形变换之类的重要操作的支持则完全没有。
Java 2D 满足了跨平台实现中对这些功能以及其它功能的需求。
三、Java 2D API:
它是JFC (Java Fundation Classes)的一员,加强了传统AWT( Abstract Windowing Toolkit )的描绘功能。在 JDK1.2中已经支援 Java 2D 的使用。透过Java 2D API ,程序员可以轻松地描绘出任意的几何图形、运用不同的填色效果、对图形做旋转( rotate)、缩放( scale)、扭曲( shear)等。如图所示,程序员透过2D API所提供的功能,简单地利用不同类型的线或是填色效果绘出统计图,以区分出不同的资料。
它们是基于Graphics2D类的绘图功能,是对AWT中的Graphics类的进一步的扩展和增强。主要体现在:
1。对渲染质量的控制:消除锯齿以平滑绘制对象的边缘
2.裁剪、合成和透明度:它们允许使用任意形状来限定绘制操作的边界。它们还提供对图形进行分层以及控制透明度和不透明度的能力。
3.控制和填充简单及复杂的形状:这种功能提供了一个 Stroke 代理和一个 Paint 代理,前者定义用来绘制形状轮廓的笔(定义绘制的笔的宽度和样式),后者允许用纯色、渐变色和图案来填充形状。
4。图像处理和变换:Java 2D 同 Java 高级图像 API(Java Advanced Imaging API (JAI))协作,支持用大量图形格式处理复杂的图像。Java 2D 还为您提供了修改图像、形状和字体字符的变换能力。
5。特殊的填充方式,如梯度或者图案
6.高级字体处理和字符串格式化:允许象操作任何其它图形形状一样操作字体字符。除此以外,可以象文字处理程序一样,通过为 String 中的字符应用属性和样式信息来创建格式化文本。
java.awt.geom 包中的Areas类支援联集( union)、交集( intersection)、差集(subtraction )、Exclusive OR (XOR)等布尔运算。最後, AffineTransform 类别则提供图形物件做Scale(比例)、Shear(剪裁) 、Rotate(旋转)等座标上的转换。
第二节 图形绘制的基本方法
一、转换Graphics2D对象
绘制图形时,可以在Graphics对象或者Graphics2D对象上进行,它们都代表了需要绘图的区域,选择那个取决于是否要使用所增加的Java2D的图形功能。但要注意的是,所有的Java2D图形操作都必须在Graphics2D对象上调用。Graphics2D是Graphics的子类,同样包含在java.awt包中。
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
}
或者
public void paint (Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
}
二、Graphics 类特性
Graphics 类支持几种确定图形环境状态的特性。以下列出了部分特性:
1)Color:当前绘制颜色,它属于 java.awt.Color 类型。所有的绘制、着色和纯文本输出都将以指定的颜色显示。
2)Font:当前字体,它属于 java.awt.Font 类型。它是将用于所有纯文本输出的字体。
3)Clip:java.awt.Shape 类型的对象,它充当用来定义几何形状的接口。该特性包含的形状定义了图形环境的区域,绘制将作用于该区域。通常情况下,这一形状与整个图形环境相同,但也并不一定如此。
4)ClipBounds:java.awt.Rectangle 对象,它表示将包围由 Clip 特性定义的 Shape 的最小矩形。它是只读特性。
5)FontMetrics:java.awt.FontMetrics 类型的只读特性。该对象含有关于图形环境中当前起作用的 Font 的信息。如同我们将看到的那样,获取此信息的这种机制已被 LineMetrics 类所取代
6)Paint Mode:该特性控制环境使用当前颜色的方式。如果调用了 setPaintMode() 方法,那么所有绘制操作都将使用当前颜色。如果调用了 setXORMode() 方法(该方法获取一个 Color 类型的参数),那么就用指定的颜色对像素做“XOR”操作。XOR 具有在重新绘制时恢复初始位模式的特性,因此它被用作橡皮擦除和动画操作。
三、绘图的属性和基本编程方法
1)颜色Color类:没有变化。
2)填充方式:
Paint(油漆桶) 接口有几个具体的实现,它们允许用纯色、渐变色或图案来填充形状。
1,纯色填充(Color类):对 java.awt.Color 类做了一些调整以实现 Paint,并且可以用于纯色填充。
2,渐变色来填充(梯度填充GradientPaint类):java.awt.GradientPaint 类允许用线性颜色渐变色来填充形状,线性颜色渐变色允许在两个指定的 Color 对象之间创建过渡。可以将渐变色设置成“周期性的”,这将导致渐变色图案重复出现。
3,图案填充(纹理TexturePaint类):提供了 java.awt.TexturePaint 类,它可以用由 BufferedImage 描述的图案填充形状
编程方法:
使用Graphics2D类中的setPaint()方法并使用Paint对象作为其参数,但由于任何可以作为填充的类如GradientPaint、TexturePaint和Color都实现了Paint接口(该接口注意定义了在Graphics2D下的颜色填充方式),因此可以将它们作为参数。如:
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
GradientPaint pat=new GradientPaint(0f,0f,Color.white,100f,45f,Color.blue);
comp2D.setPaint(pat);
}
3)设置笔的形状:
Stroke 接口由 java.awt.BasicStroke 类实现。该类允许进行大量的选择以修改线的绘制细节。可以编程指定 BasicStroke 宽度,也可以指定对名为柱头和交点的路径上端点和交点的“装饰”。现在也可以绘制点划线了,只须设置 BasicStroke 的破折号属性即可。
在Graphics类中线条是一个点宽,而在Graphics2D中可以通过BasicStoke类中的setStroke()方法来设置。其构造函数是BasicStroke(float width, int cap, int join)
其中width指示线宽(缺省时为1.0)
cap指示线的末端(包头,在BasicStroke类中定义出三个static 类型的常量如CAP_BUTT没有包头( )、CAP_ROUND圆包头( )、CAP_SQUARE方包头( )的样式
join指示线段之间的拐角(在BasicStroke类中定义出三个static 类型的常量如JOIN_BEVEL( )、JOIN_MITER( )、 JOIN_ROUND( )样式。
4)编程方法:
public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
BasicStroke pen
=new BasicStroke(2.0f, BasicStroke .CAP_BUTT, BasicStroke .JOIN_ROUND);
comp2D.setStroke (pen);
}
代码示例:
float thick = 0.5f; //设置画刷的粗细为 0.5
BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(800, 600, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)bi.getGraphics();
Stroke stroke = g.getStroke(); //得到当前的画刷
g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
g.draw(new Line2D.Float(x1, y1, x2, y2)); 画线
g.setStroke( stroke ); //将画刷复原
5)创建要绘制的形状对象
在Java2D中进行绘图时,不是采用对应的方法来实现,而是为要实现某中形状创建出相应的形状对象。这可以通过使用java.awt.geom包中的类来定义所要创建的形状。如线条Line2D.Float类、距形Rectangle2D.Float或者Rectangle2D.Double类、椭圆Ellipes2D.Float、圆弧Arc2D.Float类等。
6)绘制对象:
1,可以使用Graphics2D类中的方法draw()用于绘制轮廓,而fill()方法用于填充。它们都以前面所创建的图形对象作为参数。
2,Java2D中的字符串的绘制仍然采用drawString()方法,但有drawString(String s, float x, float y)和drawString(String str, int x, int y)。
3,绘制轮廓:draw(Shape s)其中的Shape接口在Graphics2D中被定义
新的 Java 2D Shape 类都有“2D”后缀。这些新的形状使用浮点值(而不是整数)来描述其几何形状。
Polygon类(int[] xpoints, int[] ypoints, int npoints)
RectangularShape(抽象类,其子类有Arc2D, Ellipse2D, Rectangle2D, RoundRectangle2D), Rectangle(距形)
QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔样条曲线,贝塞尔曲线由两个端点以及一个或两个控制点指定。贝塞尔曲线创建了适合于大多数表示的曲线。)
CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔样条曲线)
Area(区域)
GeneralPath(由直线、二次样条曲线、三次样条曲线所构成)
Line2D
8)基本步骤
绘图的第一个步骤是产生 Graphics2D 对象。 然后设定所要的状态属性。例如你想要对一物件做渐层式的填色,可以设定属性 Paint为 GradientPaint。最後再调用Graphics2D所提供的方法fill或是draw,完成整个绘图的程序。
9)程序实例
例一:
这是一个最简单的例子,也可以认为是绘图的一个最简单的框架。
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class Map extends JFrame
{ public Map()
{ super("Map");
setSize(350,350);
MapPane map=new MapPane();
getContentPane().add(map);
}
public static void main(String [] arg)
{ Map frame=new Map();
frame.show();
}
}
class MapPane extends JPanel
{ public void paintComponent(Graphics comp)
{ Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)comp;
comp2D.drawString("sbcd",200,200);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,200.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
例二:
下面是在Graphics2D模式下的基本绘图框架。我们可以看到,利用:
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
通过该方法的设置,使图形去除锯齿状,可以得到多么细腻的图形。
样例:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo extends JFrame {
public DrawDemo(){
//设置窗口的大小、标题
this.setSize(new Dimension(600, 400));
//创建绘制各种形状的容器
ShapesPanel shapesPanel = new ShapesPanel();
//将该容器加入窗口
getContentPane().add(shapesPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo frame = new DrawDemo();
frame.setVisible(true);
//当窗口关闭时清空内存
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
}
}
//创建各种容器的类
class ShapesPanel extends JPanel {
final int maxCharHeight = 15;
final Color bg = Color.white; //声明背景颜色为灰色
final Color fg = Color.blue; //声明前景颜色为蓝色
public ShapesPanel() {
setBackground(bg); //设置背景颜色
setForeground(fg); //设置前景颜色
//创建组合边框
setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
BorderFactory.createRaisedBevelBorder(),
BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder()));
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g1) {
super.paintComponent(g1); //清空背景颜色
float thick = 0.5f; //设置画刷的粗细为 0.5
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)g1;
Stroke stroke = g.getStroke(); //得到当前的画刷
g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
String txt= "我的文章";
int style=2;//0普通1粗体2斜体3粗斜
g.setFont(new Font("宋体", 2, 15)); //15为字大小
//设置笔刷为黑色
g.setPaint(Color.black);
g.drawString(txt,200,150);
g.setPaint(Color.red);
g.draw(new Line2D.Float(0,0,200,150)); //画线
g.setPaint(Color.blue);
g.draw(new Rectangle2D.Float(200,150,100,100));
g.setStroke(stroke); //将画刷复原
}
}
例三:图形灵活的显示
在上面的例子中,是使用一个继承于JPanel的类,覆盖它的void paintComponent(Graphics g1)事件方法,实现绘图的,这样虽然方便,但显得灵活性不高。
实际上,通过JPanel对象直接赋值给Graphics2D对象,往往可以使程序具有很大的灵活性。程序可以这样来写。
JPanel contentPane= (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
public Graphics2D comp2D=(Graphics2D)contentPane .getGraphics();
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件的初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("画线保留");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("画线删除");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,100.0f,300.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
例四:剪裁
图形处理问题中,剪裁由的时候是非常难处理的,所谓剪裁是指超过绘图取得内容不显示,看起来这是个简单问题,但由于所有的线条必须计算与边界的交点,而且边界有四个方向,这就使问题变得很复杂。java 2D很好的解决了这个问题,请看下面的例子。
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo2 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo2() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("画线保留");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("画线删除");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo2 frame=new DrawDemo2();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,2.0f,200.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//剪裁
comp2D.setClip(50,50,300,150);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
Line2D.Float line=new Line2D.Float(1.0f,100.0f,300.0f,220.0f);
comp2D.draw(line);
}
}
第三节 曲线问题的高级应用开发
在jdk尚未支援 2D图形之前,只可以画出直的、相同粗细的线条。现在可以通过2D API绘出不同粗细的线条及圆滑的曲线。在java.awt.geom包中提供了Line2D、 QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔曲线)及 CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔曲线)等相关的类,让程序员能够轻松地绘出想要的线条。
其实绘图的核心是画线,下面通过一些实例对一些问题进行深入的讨论。
一、直线问题深入研究
样例:
我们通过一个例子,深入的研究一下绘制直线和折线需要掌握哪些内容。
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("园头");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 235, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("方头");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(270, 235, 100, 30));
jButton3.setText("封闭");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton3, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
int Xs1[]={10,60,120,200,260,340};
int Ys1[]={10,200,120,180,60,130};
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//园头园连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
comp2D.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//方头方连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
//comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
// RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
comp2D.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
//设置笔刷
//方头方连接
comp2D.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick,
BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE));
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
//comp2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
// RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
//画封闭线
comp2D.drawPolygon(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
}
二、贝塞尔(Bezier)曲线
java 2D提供的QuadCurve2D(二次贝塞尔曲线)及 CubicCurve2D(三次贝塞尔曲线)等相关的类,可以很容易的画出贝赛尔曲线。
QuadCurve2D为三个数据,中间一个为控制点。
CubicCurve2D为四个数据,中间两个为控制点。
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawDemo1 extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
public Graphics2D comp2D; //绘图对象
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
//构造函数
public DrawDemo1() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(400, 300));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 235, 150, 31));
jButton1.setText("二阶贝塞尔");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(200, 235, 150, 30));
jButton2.setText("三阶贝塞尔");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawDemo1 frame=new DrawDemo1();
frame.show();
frame.comp2D=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.comp2D.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
double[] x1={50,180,300};
double[] y1={100,190,100};
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
QuadCurve2D.Double qc=new QuadCurve2D.Double();
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
x1[1]=180;
y1[1]=30;
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
}
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
double[] x1={50,80,200,300};
double[] y1={100,70,190,100};
comp2D.clearRect(0,0,401,221);
//笔宽度
float thick = 1f;
comp2D.setPaint(Color.red);
CubicCurve2D.Double qc=new CubicCurve2D.Double();
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2],x1[3],y1[3]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2]-5,(int)y1[2],(int)x1[2]+5,(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]-5,(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]+5);
float dash1[] = {10.0f};
//画虚线
BasicStroke dashed = new BasicStroke(1.0f,
BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,
BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER,
10.0f, dash1, 0.0f);
comp2D.setStroke(dashed);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1],(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]);
//画实线
BasicStroke stroke = new BasicStroke(1.0f);
comp2D.setStroke(stroke);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.blue);
x1[1]=180;
y1[1]=70;
x1[2]=80;
y1[2]=190;
qc.setCurve(x1[0],y1[0],x1[1],y1[1],x1[2],y1[2],x1[3],y1[3]);
comp2D.draw(qc);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1]-5,(int)y1[1],(int)x1[1]+5,(int)y1[1]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]-5,(int)x1[1],(int)y1[1]+5);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2]-5,(int)y1[2],(int)x1[2]+5,(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]-5,(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]+5);
comp2D.setStroke(dashed);
comp2D.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
comp2D.drawLine((int)x1[1],(int)y1[1],(int)x1[2],(int)y1[2]);
comp2D.setStroke(stroke);
}
}
三、自定义样条曲线编程
当我们需要平滑多个数据样本点的时候,贝塞尔曲线就不能满足要求了,为此,可以采用最早由美国“波音”飞机制造公司提出来的样条曲线来完成,这种曲线所以称之为样条,是因为它模拟了造船业中的放样原理。
样条曲线的数学原理请参考计算机图形学,这里给出的是由java编写的三次样条曲线的例子。曲线平滑的原则是,必须通过所有的样本点,另外,不论有多少样本点,曲线的阶次大为三次,所以是稳定的。
这里我们可以看出来,程序设计的生命是什么呢?数学!这是程序设计着的生命所在。语言只是一种规范或者是一个工具,要真正写出好的程序,没有深厚的数学功底,是万万不可能的。
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DrawCurve extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //绘图窗口
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//控件容器
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
GraphicsCurve gracu;
//构造函数
public DrawCurve() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//控件初始化
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
this.setSize(new Dimension(500,400));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 310, 100, 31));
jButton1.setText("直线");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(150, 310, 100, 30));
jButton2.setText("样条曲线");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(270, 310, 100, 30));
jButton3.setText("粗线条");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jPanel1.add(jButton1, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton2, null);
jPanel1.add(jButton3, null);
gracu=new GraphicsCurve();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DrawCurve frame=new DrawCurve();
frame.show();
frame.gracu.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.contentPane .getGraphics();
frame.gracu.myGraphics.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.gracu.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,500,300);
}
//Overridden so we can exit when window is closed
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
int Xs1[]={10,60,120,200,260,340};
int Ys1[]={10,200,120,180,60,130};
//画折线
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
gracu.myGraphics.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
//画样条
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
gracu.DrawCurves(Xs1,Ys1);
}
//画粗线
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
//笔宽度
float thick = 10f;
//设置笔刷
//方头园连接
//gracu.myGraphics.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
//园头园连接
gracu.myGraphics.setStroke(new BasicStroke(thick, BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND));
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
//通过该方法使图形去除锯齿状
gracu.myGraphics.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
gracu.myGraphics.drawPolyline(Xs1,Ys1,Xs1.length);
}
}
class GraphicsCurve
{
//绘图对象
public Graphics2D myGraphics;
public GraphicsCurve()
{
}
public GraphicsCurve(Graphics2D graphics)
{
this.myGraphics=graphics;
}
//参数表
//x数组,y数组,笔刷
public void DrawCurves(int[] xa,int[] ya)
{
int[] x, y;
double[] a, b, c;
double[] px, py, qx, qy, tt;
double[] dx, dy;
int px1,py1,px2,py2;
x=xa;
y=ya;
px1=x[0];
py1=y[0];
int n=x.length;
a=new double[n];
b=new double[n];
c=new double[n];
px=new double[n];
py=new double[n];
qx=new double[n];
qy=new double[n];
tt=new double[n];
dx=new double[n];
dy=new double[n];
int i, t, es;
double bx3, bx4, by3, by4, cx, cy;
bx4 = 0;
by3 = 0;
es = 3;
px[0] = 1;
py[0] = 1;
px[n-1] = 1;
py[n-1] = 1;
if (n>1)
{
for (i = 1;i
tt[i] = Math.sqrt((x[i] - x[i - 1]) * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) + (y[i] - y[i - 1]) * (y[i] - y[i - 1]));
switch(n)
{
case 2:
break;
case 3:
for (i = 1;i
{
a[i] = 2 * (tt[i] + tt[i + 1]);
b[i] = tt[i + 1];
c[i] = tt[i];
dx[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
dy[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (y[i] - y[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
}
dx[1] = dx[1] - tt[2] * px[0];
dx[n - 2] = dx[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * px[n-1];
dy[1] = dy[1] - tt[2] * py[0];
dy[n - 2] = dy[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * py[n-1];
//注意,这是n=3的情况专有计算
px[1] = dx[1] / a[1];
py[1] = dy[1] / a[1];
break;
default:
for (i = 1;i
{
a[i] = 2 * (tt[i] + tt[i + 1]);
b[i] = tt[i + 1];
c[i] = tt[i];
dx[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (x[i] - x[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
dy[i] = 3 * (tt[i] * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] + tt[i + 1] * (y[i] - y[i - 1]) / tt[i]);
}
dx[1] = dx[1] - tt[2] * px[0];
dx[n - 2] = dx[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * px[n-1];
dy[1] = dy[1] - tt[2] * py[0];
dy[n - 2] = dy[n - 2] - tt[n - 2] * py[n-1];
c[1] = c[1]/ a[1];
for (i = 2 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
a[i] = a[i] - b[i] * c[i - 1];
c[i] = c[i] / a[i];
}
qx[1] = dx[1] / a[1];
qy[1] = dy[1] / a[1];
for (i = 2 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
qx[i] = (dx[i] - b[i] * qx[i - 1]) / a[i];
qy[i] = (dy[i] - b[i] * qy[i - 1]) / a[i];
}
px[n - 2] = qx[n - 2];
py[n - 2] = qy[n - 2];
for (i = n - 3;i>=1;i--)
{
px[i] = qx[i] - c[i] * px[i + 1];
py[i] = qy[i] - c[i] * py[i + 1];
}
break;
}
for (i = 0 ;i< n - 1;i++)
{
bx3 = (3 * (x[i + 1] - x[i]) / tt[i + 1] - 2 * px[i] - px[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
bx4 = ((2 * (x[i] - x[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1] + px[i] + px[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
by3 = (3 * (y[i + 1] - y[i]) / tt[i + 1] - 2 * py[i] - py[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
by4 = ((2 * (y[i] - y[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1] + py[i] + py[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1]) / tt[i + 1];
t = 0;
while (t < tt[i + 1])
{
t = t + es;
cx = x[i] + (px[i] + (bx3 + bx4 * t) * t) * t;
cy = y[i] + (py[i] + (by3 + by4 * t) * t) * t;
px2 = (int)cx;
py2 = (int)cy;
myGraphics.drawLine(px1,py1,px2,py2);
px1 = px2;
py1 = py2;
}
}
}
}
}
四、用户数据的曲线显示
当需要用曲线表达数据的时候,我们虽然可以使用由厂家提供的“图表”组件,但更多的还是需要自己编写的,请仔细研究下面的程序,当对图表设计有更深入的理解。
下面的例子,我们构造一个专门处理用户数据的类,在这个类里,实现了用户坐标和屏幕坐标的转换,同时给出了一个自动绘制坐标的方法。我们也直接使用了上面我们讨论过的样条曲线的类实现数据平滑。例子中的数据可以来自于数据库或其它任何地方,仔细的研究这个例子,可以看出只要我们开动脑筋,把java强大的功能和我们对问题的理解结合在一起,就可以写出多么灵活多变的程序来呀!
样例:
package myDrawDemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;
public class DataDrawDemo extends JFrame
{
public JPanel contentPane; //控件容器
JPanel jPanel1 = new JPanel();//绘图控件
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
JButton jButton2 = new JButton();
JButton jButton3 = new JButton();
JButton jButton4 = new JButton();
JButton jButton5 = new JButton();
JButton jButton6 = new JButton();
JButton jButton7 = new JButton();
JButton jButton8 = new JButton();
JButton jButton9 = new JButton();
JButton jButton10 = new JButton();
JTextField jText1=new JTextField();
JTextField jText2=new JTextField();
boolean kcu=true;
//用户坐标转换对象
myGraphicsData mp=new myGraphicsData();
//曲线转换对象
GraphicsCurve gracu=new GraphicsCurve();
//窗口范围
double wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2;
//构造函数
public DataDrawDemo() {
enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
try {
jbInit();
}
catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//初始化代码
private void jbInit() throws Exception {
contentPane = (JPanel) this.getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(null);
this.setSize(new Dimension(650, 500));
this.setTitle("Frame Title");
//contentPane.setSize(400,240);
//jPanel1.setLayout(null);
jPanel1.setBounds(0,90,650,420);
jButton1.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 20, 80, 25));
jButton1.setText("开始");
jButton1.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton1_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton2.setBounds(new Rectangle(120, 20, 80, 25));
jButton2.setText("左移");
jButton2.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton2_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton3.setBounds(new Rectangle(210, 20, 80, 25));
jButton3.setText("右移");
jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton3_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton4.setBounds(new Rectangle(300, 20, 80, 25));
jButton4.setText("上移");
jButton4.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton4_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton5.setBounds(new Rectangle(390, 20, 80, 25));
jButton5.setText("下移");
jButton5.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton5_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton6.setBounds(new Rectangle(120, 50, 80, 25));
jButton6.setText("X扩");
jButton6.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton6_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton7.setBounds(new Rectangle(210, 50, 80, 25));
jButton7.setText("X缩");
jButton7.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton7_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton8.setBounds(new Rectangle(300, 50, 80, 25));
jButton8.setText("Y扩");
jButton8.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton8_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jButton9.setBounds(new Rectangle(390, 50, 80, 25));
jButton9.setText("Y缩");
jButton9.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton9_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
//样条控制
jButton10.setBounds(new Rectangle(30, 50, 80, 25));
jButton10.setText("样条");
jButton10.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
jButton10_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
jText1.setBounds(new Rectangle(490, 20, 120, 20));
jText1.setText("");
jText2.setBounds(new Rectangle(490, 50, 120, 20));
jText2.setText("");
//鼠标按下侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter(){
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
JPanel_mousePressed(e);
}
});
//鼠标拖动侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseMotionListener(new java.awt.event.MouseMotionAdapter(){
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e){
JPanel_mouseDragged(e);
}
});
//鼠标释放侦听器
jPanel1.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter(){
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
JPanel_mouseReleased(e);
}
});
contentPane.add(jPanel1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
contentPane.add(jButton1, null);
contentPane.add(jButton2, null);
contentPane.add(jButton3, null);
contentPane.add(jButton4, null);
contentPane.add(jButton5, null);
contentPane.add(jButton6, null);
contentPane.add(jButton7, null);
contentPane.add(jButton8, null);
contentPane.add(jButton9, null);
contentPane.add(jButton10, null);
contentPane.add(jText1, null);
contentPane.add(jText2, null);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DataDrawDemo frame=new DataDrawDemo();
frame.show();
frame.gracu.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.jPanel1.getGraphics();
frame.mp.myGraphics=(Graphics2D)frame.jPanel1.getGraphics();
frame.mp.myGraphics.setBackground(Color.white);
frame.mp.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,650,375);
}
//第一组数据
double[] Xs1=new double[]{-2,2,4,6,8,10,12,14};
double[] Ys1=new double[]{-4,10,3,14,4,10,6,7};
//第二组数据
double[] Xs2=new double[]{-1,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16};
double[] Ys2=new double[]{1,5,7,1,13,11,4,10,8};
//这是一个画曲线的程序
void DwData()
{
//剪裁,可以试试没有剪裁是什么表现?
mp.myGraphics.clipRect(10,10,621,351);
//由于是用两个对象绘图,所以应该分别剪切
gracu.myGraphics.clipRect(10,10,621,351);
//清除绘图空间
mp.myGraphics.clearRect(0,0,650,375);
//用户坐标和屏幕坐标转换
mp.truemode(10,630,10,360,wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2);
//设置颜色
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
//画边框
mp.myGraphics.drawRect(10,10,620,350);
mp.myGraphics.setFont(new Font("宋体", 0, 10)); //9为字大小
//画坐标
mp.axis(2,2,2,2);
//画红线
int[] x=new int[Xs1.length];
int[] y=new int[Ys1.length];
int[] myxy;
//统一实现坐标转换
for (int i=0;i
{
myxy=mp.moxy(Xs1[i],Ys1[i]);
x[i]=myxy[0];
y[i]=myxy[1];
}
if (kcu)
{
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
mp.myGraphics.drawPolyline(x,y,x.length);
}
else
{
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.red);
gracu.DrawCurves(x,y);
}
//画蓝线
x=new int[Xs2.length];
y=new int[Ys2.length];
for (int i=0;i
{
myxy=mp.moxy(Xs2[i],Ys2[i]);
x[i]=myxy[0];
y[i]=myxy[1];
}
if (kcu)
{
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
mp.myGraphics.drawPolyline(x,y,x.length);
}
else
{
gracu.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.blue);
gracu.DrawCurves(x,y);
}
}
//退出窗口事件
protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e) {
super.processWindowEvent(e);
if (e.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
//鼠标按下事件
void JPanel_mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]));
jText2.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]));
}
//鼠标释放事件
void JPanel_mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText("");
jText2.setText("");
//画红线
mp.myGraphics.setPaint(Color.darkGray);
mp.myGraphics.drawLine(e.getX()-3,e.getY(),e.getX()+3,e.getY());
mp.myGraphics.drawLine(e.getX(),e.getY()-3,e.getX(),e.getY()+3);
mp.myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]),e.getX()+10,e.getY());
mp.myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]),e.getX()+10,e.getY()+12);
}
//鼠标拖动事件
void JPanel_mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
{
double[] zs=mp.ScrtoCon(e.getX(),e.getY());
jText1.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[0]));
jText2.setText(String.valueOf((float)zs[1]));
}
//开始
void jButton1_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){
wx1=1000000;
wy1=1000000;
wx2=-1000000;
wy2=-1000000;
//试验中数据来自一个数组,实际中可来自任何地方
//设置初始范围
for (int i=0;i
{
if (Xs1[i]< wx1)
wx1=Xs1[i];
if (Xs1[i]> wx2)
wx2=Xs1[i];
if (Ys1[i]< wy1)
wy1=Ys1[i];
if (Ys1[i]> wy2)
wy2=Ys1[i];
}
for (int i=0;i
{
if (Xs2[i]< wx1)
wx1=Xs2[i];
if (Xs2[i]> wx2)
wx2=Xs2[i];
if (Ys2[i]< wy1)
wy1=Ys2[i];
if (Ys2[i]> wy2)
wy2=Ys2[i];
}
DwData();
}
//左移
void jButton2_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1-=1;
wx2-=1;
DwData();
}
//右移
void jButton3_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1+=1;
wx2+=1;
DwData();
}
//上移
void jButton4_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1-=1;
wy2-=1;
DwData();
}
//下移
void jButton5_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1+=1;
wy2+=1;
DwData();
}
//X扩
void jButton6_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1-=1;
wx2+=1;
DwData();
}
//X缩
void jButton7_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wx1+=1;
wx2-=1;
DwData();
}
//Y扩
void jButton8_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1-=1;
wy2+=1;
DwData();
}
//Y缩
void jButton9_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
wy1+=1;
wy2-=1;
DwData();
}
//样条控制
void jButton10_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if (kcu)
{
jButton10.setText("直线");
kcu=false;
}
else
{
jButton10.setText("样条");
kcu=true;
}
DwData();
}
}
//图形处理类
class myGraphicsData
{
//屏幕坐标
private int X11, Y11, X12, Y12; //x1,y1,x2,y2
//用户坐标
private double W1, W2, W3, W4; //x1,x2,y1,y2
//绘图对象
public Graphics2D myGraphics;
double Ax8, Ay8;
//用户窗口与屏幕窗口的转换
//x1,x2,,y1,y2为屏幕坐标
//wx1,wx2,wy1,wy2为用户坐标
public void truemode(int x1, int x2, int y1,int y2, double wx1, double wx2, double wy1, double wy2)
{
X11 = x1 ; X12 = x2;
Y11 = y1 ; Y12 = y2;
W1 = wx1 ; W2 = wx2;
W3 = wy1 ; W4 = wy2;
Ax8 = (X12 - X11) / (wx2 - wx1);
Ay8 = (Y12 - Y11) / (wy2 - wy1);
}
//把用户坐标转为屏幕坐标
public int[] moxy(double Xa, double Ya)
{
int[] myout=new int[2];
myout[0] = (int)(Ax8 * (Xa - W1) + X11);
myout[1] = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (Ya - W3));
return myout;
}
//把屏幕坐标转为用户坐标
public double[] ScrtoCon(int X6, int Y6)
{
double[] myout=new double[2];
myout[0] = (X6 - X11) / Ax8 + W1;
myout[1] = (Y12 - Y6) / Ay8 + W3;
return myout;
}
//画线
public void Dline(double xa, double ya, double xb, double yb)
{
try
{
int x6, y6, x7, y7;
x6 = (int)(Ax8 * (xa - W1) + X11);
y6 = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (ya - W3));
x7 = (int)(Ax8 * (xb - W1) + X11);
y7 = (int)(Y12 - Ay8 * (yb - W3));
myGraphics.drawLine(x6, y6, x7, y7);
}
catch(Exception e){}
}
//画坐标U,V为 X,Y轴单位,ns,nt为 x,y轴写字间隔
public void axis(double u, double v, int ns, int nt)
{
double p9, q9, s;
int n2, swx,swy;
int xk=0;
int yk=0;
double ge;
int[] showxy=new int[2];
swx = 0;
swy=4;
ge = (double)0.008 * (W2 - W1);
p9 = W1;
q9 = (double)(W3 + (W4 - W3) * 0.05);
if ((W1 < 0) && (W2 > 0)) p9 = 0;
if ((W3 < 0) && (W4 > 0)) q9 = 0;
Dline(p9, W3, p9, W4);
n2 = 0;
s = 0;
while (s < W4)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge, s);
if (n2 >= nt)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge + ge, s);
n2 = 1;
showxy=moxy(p9 + ge + ge,s);
myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf(s),showxy[0] - swx+4, showxy[1] - swy+4);
}
else
{
n2++;
}
s += v;
}
//End While
s = 0;
n2 = 0;
while (s > W3)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge, s);
if (n2 >= nt)
{
Dline(p9, s, p9 + ge + ge, s);
n2 = 1;
showxy=moxy(p9 + ge + ge, s);
myGraphics.drawString(String.valueOf(s),showxy[0] - swx+4, showxy[1] - swy+4);
}
else
{
n2 ++;
}
s -= v;
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